Irene

1893

Description

Composer:

Librettist: César Féreal
Libretto based on the popular legend of Saint Irene
Mystical legend/Lyric drama in four acts
Date: 1893
Language: Italian
Large-scale

Characters

Irene: soprano
Giulia: mezzo‑soprano
Antonio: mezzo‑soprano
Britaldo: tenor
Remigio: baritone
Castinaldo: bass
Chorus

Synopsis

Alfredo Keil’s opera Irene is inspired by the legend of Saint Irene and takes place in Nabância, against a backdrop of religious tensions, violent passions and intrigues. Irene, a young nun venerated for her purity, awakens the obsessive love of Britaldo, a Gothic captain returning victorious from war, as well as the restrained passion of the monk Remigio. Britaldo has a relationship with Giulia, an ambitious and vengeful courtesan, who soon perceives the devotion that Irene inspires and decides to destroy her.

The plot unfolds through false accusations, jealousy and manipulation. Giulia deceives Irene, leading her to visit the ailing Britaldo at night, intending to compromise her reputation in the eyes of the people. Meanwhile, Remigio oscillates between desire and remorse while trying to keep Britaldo away from Irene. The situation worsens when Giulia convinces Britaldo that Irene loves the monk, inflaming his jealousy.

In the tragic outcome, Britaldo confronts Irene in an isolated place and, faced with her refusal to yield to his demands, murders her. The opera ends with the apotheosis of the heroine: Irene, a symbol of purity and sacrifice, is raised to heaven, while violence and excessive passion lead the remaining characters to moral ruin.¹

Instruments

S | 2 Mz | T | Bar | B + Fl (Picc) | Ob | 2 Cl | Bsn | 2 Tpt | 2 Hn | Tbn | Perc | Vln | Vla | Vc | 2 Cb²
Score: Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

About the opera

The opera Irene, whose libretto is based on the legend of Saint Irene, was first presented in 1893 at the Teatro Regio in Turin. The success of this premiere led King Umberto of Italy to decorate the composer Alfredo Keil. The work was published in Leipzig in 1894 and, a year later, was presented to the Portuguese public at the Teatro de São Carlos in Lisbon.³

Premiere

Date: 1893
Venue: Teatro Regio Torino
Cast: Luisa Gilboni, Erina Borlinetto, Ada Bortesi, Giuseppe Cremonini, Senatore Sparapani and Leopoldo Cromberg

Scores & More Information

References

1. A. M., “Irene,” Revista Theatral, series 2, vol. 2, no. 29 (March 1, 1896): 68–74.
2. Vocal score: Alfredo Keil, Irene [Printed music]: Leggenda mística (drama lírico) in quattro parti (Leipzig: Stamperia Musical di C. G. Roder, 1893-1896). National Library Catalogue, MP-2594-V, accessed January 21, 2026, https://purl.pt/30101; Alfredo Keil e Cesar Fereal, Irene. Museu Nacional da Música Collection, MM-AK-Cx.043 (Orchestral parts). The Alfredo Keil archive at the Museu Nacional da Música (MM-AK) includes other versions of the score.
3. Maria José Borges, “Alfredo: acerca de uma pequena evocação de Alfredo Keil em 2007 na escola de música do Conservatório Nacional,” Glosas, no. 2, November 2010, 16.